Alzheimer's disease is a common type of dementia. It is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that starts with mild memory loss and may progress to loss of ability to convey a conversation and respond to the surrounding. Early detection can help in the management of this disease. In this review, we attempted to find the most accurate method for salivary biomarkers detection, which can aid in the early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. For this scoping review; PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar online databases were searched to find studies and articles that test the salivary biomarkers for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Eleven studies were eligible for our research. Ten were case–control, and one was a cohort study. Seven of the studies used the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method, five of which showed diagnostic potential. Two studies used Luminex assay and photomultiplier tube, showing similar results to ELISA. AbsoluteIDQ®p150 Kit and faster ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis and pattern recognition techniques tested different metabolites with potential diagnostic significance. Furthermore, another study using an extended gate ion sensitive field effect transistor sensor related salivary trehalose sugar to Alzheimer's disease. Different reliable biomarkers were detected using ELISA kit and appear to be effective in disease detection. Further studies and clinical trials on a large scale are required to determine the most accurate method of detecting Alzheimer's disease.

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Bronchial asthma (BA) is one of the common presentations in the outpatient clinic. In most cases, diagnosis of BA is straightforward with typical history and pertinent physical examination. However, a significant number of patients who present or referred as BA, yet they lack the classical signs and symptoms of BA. The pattern of symptoms and past history of similar episodes are crucial in the diagnosis. Several diseases can mimic asthma presentation including air hunger, acute bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, and vocal cord dysfunction need to be identified and managed accordingly. Even if BA can be easily managed in most cases, there are several obstacles that can prevent a good asthma control. Compliance with medication, incorrect use of different devices, and steroid phobia may lead to a poor control of BA. A better control of BA can be obtained by additional measures in the treatment plan. These include step-up and step-down method of therapy, offering influenza and pneumococcal vaccines, attention to comorbidities, and utilizing telemedicine for easy approach and follow-up.

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Background: Human dental pulp stem cells (HDPSCs) may be differentiated into neural lineages. The main aim of the study was to assess the DNA demethylation and histone deacetylation inhibition on the differentiation of HDPSCs into neural progenitor-like cells (NPCs). Methods: HDPSCs were treated with 5-aza2′-deoxycytidine (AZA), DNA methylation inhibitor, and the histone deacetylase inhibitor suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) for 3 and 5 days followed by their differentiation into NPCs. The efficiency of the differentiation was evaluated by apoptosis, cellular proliferation, and relative expression of Nestin among the NPCs derived with the different treatments. Results: Five-day treatment of AZA was crucial for the more efficient demethylation of the HDPSCs. Analysis of the proliferation, apoptosis, and relative expression of the Nestin indicated that the AZA and SAHA neither enhance nor inhibit the differentiation of the HDPSCs into NPCs. Howevere, the expression of Nestin decreased at day 7 in NPCs derived with SAHAH treatment compared with NPCs derived with AZA treatmement. However, there was no difference in Nestin expression in any treatment-derived NPCs compared with control NPCs. All of the NPCs derived from all of the groups were able to differentiate into terminal neurons. Conclusion: Neither DNA demethylation nor the histone deacetylation has any main effects on proliferation and apoptosis during the differentiation of HDPSCs into NPCs. The only significant effect of the treatments was on the size of the NPCs at day 7; the SAHAH treatment had the smallest NPCs.

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Background: In-office devices are increasingly used in dental practices to mill “chairside” restorations for increased turnover. New functions permit milling implant surgical guides, thus cutting the time and cost of treatment. This study compares the accuracy of chairside-milled surgical guides (CMG) with that of high-accuracy laboratory-based three-dimensional (3D)-printed guides (PGs). Methods: In this in vitro study, 10 bone-level cylindrical implants (4 mm × 13 mm) were placed using both guide types (five for each) in 10 similar prefabricated plastic models with the aid of a specially designed machine. The positions of the placed implant were compared to the planned positions by superimposing postsurgical cone-beam computed tomography scans over the preoperative scans and by measuring the horizontal, vertical, and angular deviations within each study group. Results: The horizontal deviation at the implant neck was 0.37 mm ± 0.16 for CMG and 0.84 mm ± 0.35 for PG (P < 0.05). The horizontal deviation at the apex was greater; 0.76 mm ± 0.49 for CMG and 1.70 mm ± 0.46 for PG (P < 0.05). The vertical deviations in both groups were smaller than the horizontal values and almost identical at the neck and apex within each group (0.26 mm ± 0.13) and (0.37 mm ± 0.25) for CMG and PG, respectively (P > 0.05). The angular deviation of the implant's long axis for PG (4.10° ± 1.96°) was twice as large as CMG (2.0° ± 1.37°), but the difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.08). Conclusion: Chairside milled guides demonstrated higher accuracy and predictability compared to laboratory-based 3D-PGs.

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Background: Handgrip strength (HGS) is a powerful tool to assess generalized body health; however, its association with visceral adipose tissues (VATs) in the community dwellers of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) is not known. The objectives of this study were to investigate the association between HGS and VATs in the UAE population of both genders, 18–65 years of age (n = 1146). Methods: This is a cross-sectional study conducted in various community centers of the UAE from June to October 2021. We used a handgrip dynamometer to measure HGS and a bioelectrical impedance scale to measure body composition, including VAT content. VAT was categorized into low (1–9), optimal (10–14), and high (15–30) levels. We used t-test and ANOVA analyses to measure differences in HGS and VAT across gender and age groups. Results: The peak HGS was found in the third and fourth decades of life, followed by an age-associated decline. We report that the highest HGS for dominant was found in people with the optimal VATs content irrespective of gender and age. Conversely, having low or high VATs was associated with lower HGS. However, there were no differences between the HGS of dominant versus nondominant hands in men and women. Conclusion: Altogether, we report an association of an optimal VAT content with peak HGS, so that having low or high VATs were associated with reduced HGS. Taken together, the measurements of VAT and HGS may be helpful in assessing generalized health in preclinical settings.

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Background: Teaching profession demands the high level of physical and psychological involvement. Musculoskeletal pain is common among different professionals. The study is aimed to find out the occurrence of musculoskeletal pain among teachers and its correlation with occupation. Methods: One hundred and nine government school teachers participated in the study. The presence of musculoskeletal pain was assessed by using nordic musculoskeletal questionnaire and job-related stress was assessed by new brief job stress questionnaire. Pearson's correlation was used to correlate the musculoskeletal disorder and job-related stress. Results: The study reports that participants experienced musculoskeletal pain at various joints in last 12 months; 62.39% reported neck pain, 41.28% reported shoulder pain, 40.37% reported upper back pain, 9.7% reported elbow pain, 23.85% reported wrist pain, 31.20% reported lower back pain, 10.09% reported hip pain, 34.86% reported knee pain, and 29.36% reported ankle pain. A strong positive correlation was found between job-related stress and neck pain (r = 0.19, P = 0.04) and job-related stress and lower back pain (r = 0.37, P = 0.00). Conclusion: From the study, it can be concluded that school teachers increased job-related stress has direct impact on the occurrence of the musculoskeletal pain.

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